IMPACT data
impact.RdThe IMPACT dataset comprises 15 studies of patients suffering from traumatic brain injury, including individual patient data from 11 randomized controlled trials and four observational studies.
Usage
data("impact")Format
A data frame with 11022 observations on the following 11 variables.
nameName of the study
typeType of study, RCT: randomized controlled trial,OBS: observational cohort
ageAge of the patient
motor_scoreGlasgow Coma Scale motor score
pupilPupillary reactivity
ctMarshall Computerized Tomography classification
hypoxHypoxia (0=no, 1=yes)
hypotsHypotension (0=no, 1=yes)
tsahTraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (0=no, 1=yes)
edhEpidural hematoma (0=no, 1=yes)
mort6-month mortality (0=alive, 1=dead)
Details
The included studies were part of the IMPACT project, where a total of 25 prognostic factors were considered for prediction of 6-month mortality. Missing values were imputed using the study as a fixed effect in the imputation model (Steyerberg et al, 2008).
Source
Steyerberg EW, Nieboer D, Debray TPA, Van Houwelingen JC. Assessment of heterogeneity in an individual participant data meta-analysis of prediction models: An overview and illustration. Stat Med. 2019;38(22):4290–309.
References
Murray GD, Butcher I, McHugh GS, et al. Multivariable prognostic analysis in traumatic brain injury: results from the IMPACT study. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(2):329–337.
Steyerberg EW, Mushkudiani N, Perel P, et al. Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: development and international validation of prognostic scores based on admission characteristics. PLOS Med. 2008;5(8):e165.
Examples
data(impact)
by(impact, impact$name, summary)
#> impact$name: APOE
#> name type age motor_score pupil ct
#> APOE :756 OBS:756 Min. :14.00 1/2: 7 Both:638 I/II:377
#> CSTAT : 0 RCT: 0 1st Qu.:25.00 3 :331 None: 79 III :151
#> EBIC : 0 Median :37.00 4 : 18 One : 39 IV/V:228
#> HIT I : 0 Mean :41.14 5/6:400
#> HIT II : 0 3rd Qu.:56.00
#> NABIS : 0 Max. :93.00
#> (Other): 0
#> hypox hypots tsah edh
#> Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.000 Min. :0.00000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.000 1st Qu.:0.00000
#> Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.000 Median :0.00000
#> Mean :0.2712 Mean :0.1071 Mean :0.254 Mean :0.06614
#> 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.000 3rd Qu.:0.00000
#> Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.000 Max. :1.00000
#>
#> mort
#> Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.1548
#> 3rd Qu.:0.0000
#> Max. :1.0000
#>
#> ------------------------------------------------------------
#> impact$name: CSTAT
#> name type age motor_score pupil ct
#> CSTAT :517 OBS: 0 Min. :15.00 1/2:128 Both:368 I/II:212
#> APOE : 0 RCT:517 1st Qu.:20.00 3 : 86 None: 63 III :105
#> EBIC : 0 Median :28.00 4 :180 One : 86 IV/V:200
#> HIT I : 0 Mean :31.79 5/6:123
#> HIT II : 0 3rd Qu.:41.00
#> NABIS : 0 Max. :68.00
#> (Other): 0
#> hypox hypots tsah edh
#> Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.1335 Mean :0.1663 Mean :0.4778 Mean :0.1161
#> 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000
#> Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
#>
#> mort
#> Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.2224
#> 3rd Qu.:0.0000
#> Max. :1.0000
#>
#> ------------------------------------------------------------
#> impact$name: EBIC
#> name type age motor_score pupil ct
#> EBIC :822 OBS:822 Min. :14.00 1/2:230 Both:531 I/II:333
#> APOE : 0 RCT: 0 1st Qu.:24.00 3 :198 None:209 III : 82
#> CSTAT : 0 Median :37.50 4 :113 One : 82 IV/V:407
#> HIT I : 0 Mean :41.79 5/6:281
#> HIT II : 0 3rd Qu.:59.00
#> NABIS : 0 Max. :92.00
#> (Other): 0
#> hypox hypots tsah edh
#> Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.00000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.00000
#> Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.00000
#> Mean :0.2871 Mean :0.2445 Mean :0.4136 Mean :0.09246
#> 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.00000
#> Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.00000
#>
#> mort
#> Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.3418
#> 3rd Qu.:1.0000
#> Max. :1.0000
#>
#> ------------------------------------------------------------
#> impact$name: HIT I
#> name type age motor_score pupil ct
#> HIT I :350 OBS: 0 Min. :14.00 1/2:163 Both:232 I/II:127
#> APOE : 0 RCT:350 1st Qu.:21.00 3 : 54 None: 67 III : 79
#> CSTAT : 0 Median :34.00 4 : 56 One : 51 IV/V:144
#> EBIC : 0 Mean :35.49 5/6: 77
#> HIT II : 0 3rd Qu.:47.00
#> NABIS : 0 Max. :71.00
#> (Other): 0
#> hypox hypots tsah edh
#> Min. :0.00 Min. :0.00000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.00
#> 1st Qu.:0.00 1st Qu.:0.00000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.00
#> Median :0.00 Median :0.00000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.00
#> Mean :0.18 Mean :0.05429 Mean :0.3257 Mean :0.18
#> 3rd Qu.:0.00 3rd Qu.:0.00000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.00
#> Max. :1.00 Max. :1.00000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.00
#>
#> mort
#> Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.2829
#> 3rd Qu.:1.0000
#> Max. :1.0000
#>
#> ------------------------------------------------------------
#> impact$name: HIT II
#> name type age motor_score pupil ct
#> HIT II :819 OBS: 0 Min. :15.0 1/2:280 Both:583 I/II:345
#> APOE : 0 RCT:819 1st Qu.:22.0 3 :151 None:138 III : 90
#> CSTAT : 0 Median :33.0 4 :181 One : 98 IV/V:384
#> EBIC : 0 Mean :36.3 5/6:207
#> HIT I : 0 3rd Qu.:49.0
#> NABIS : 0 Max. :74.0
#> (Other): 0
#> hypox hypots tsah edh
#> Min. :0.000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.199 Mean :0.1001 Mean :0.3272 Mean :0.1636
#> 3rd Qu.:0.000 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000
#> Max. :1.000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
#>
#> mort
#> Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.2295
#> 3rd Qu.:0.0000
#> Max. :1.0000
#>
#> ------------------------------------------------------------
#> impact$name: NABIS
#> name type age motor_score pupil ct
#> NABIS :385 OBS: 0 Min. :14.00 1/2:144 Both:236 I/II: 45
#> APOE : 0 RCT:385 1st Qu.:21.00 3 : 65 None: 99 III :204
#> CSTAT : 0 Median :30.00 4 : 76 One : 50 IV/V:136
#> EBIC : 0 Mean :31.82 5/6:100
#> HIT I : 0 3rd Qu.:40.00
#> HIT II : 0 Max. :68.00
#> (Other): 0
#> hypox hypots tsah edh
#> Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.3299 Mean :0.1558 Mean :0.4779 Mean :0.1325
#> 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000
#> Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
#>
#> mort
#> Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.2623
#> 3rd Qu.:1.0000
#> Max. :1.0000
#>
#> ------------------------------------------------------------
#> impact$name: PEG
#> name type age motor_score pupil ct
#> PEG :1510 OBS: 0 Min. :15.00 1/2:655 Both:787 I/II:576
#> APOE : 0 RCT:1510 1st Qu.:20.00 3 :165 None:564 III :345
#> CSTAT : 0 Median :27.00 4 :334 One :159 IV/V:589
#> EBIC : 0 Mean :30.44 5/6:356
#> HIT I : 0 3rd Qu.:38.00
#> HIT II : 0 Max. :86.00
#> (Other): 0
#> hypox hypots tsah edh
#> Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.00000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.00000
#> Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.00000
#> Mean :0.2199 Mean :0.1695 Mean :0.4113 Mean :0.09801
#> 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.00000
#> Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.00000
#>
#> mort
#> Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.2397
#> 3rd Qu.:0.0000
#> Max. :1.0000
#>
#> ------------------------------------------------------------
#> impact$name: PHARMOS
#> name type age motor_score pupil ct
#> PHARMOS:856 OBS: 0 Min. :16.00 1/2:134 Both:667 I/II:429
#> APOE : 0 RCT:856 1st Qu.:23.00 3 :262 None: 37 III :205
#> CSTAT : 0 Median :33.00 4 :225 One :152 IV/V:222
#> EBIC : 0 Mean :35.01 5/6:235
#> HIT I : 0 3rd Qu.:45.25
#> HIT II : 0 Max. :66.00
#> (Other): 0
#> hypox hypots tsah edh
#> Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.000 Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.000 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :1.000 Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.2477 Mean :0.1542 Mean :0.597 Mean :0.1939
#> 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.000 3rd Qu.:0.0000
#> Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.000 Max. :1.0000
#>
#> mort
#> Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.1694
#> 3rd Qu.:0.0000
#> Max. :1.0000
#>
#> ------------------------------------------------------------
#> impact$name: SAP
#> name type age motor_score pupil ct
#> SAP :919 OBS: 0 Min. :15.00 1/2:264 Both:639 I/II:400
#> APOE : 0 RCT:919 1st Qu.:23.00 3 :146 None:155 III :151
#> CSTAT : 0 Median :32.00 4 :223 One :125 IV/V:368
#> EBIC : 0 Mean :35.63 5/6:286
#> HIT I : 0 3rd Qu.:47.00
#> HIT II : 0 Max. :71.00
#> (Other): 0
#> hypox hypots tsah edh
#> Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.1371 Mean :0.1523 Mean :0.4418 Mean :0.2057
#> 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000
#> Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
#>
#> mort
#> Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.2307
#> 3rd Qu.:0.0000
#> Max. :1.0000
#>
#> ------------------------------------------------------------
#> impact$name: SKB
#> name type age motor_score pupil ct
#> SKB :126 OBS: 0 Min. :16.00 1/2:56 Both:81 I/II:54
#> APOE : 0 RCT:126 1st Qu.:20.00 3 :31 None:28 III :40
#> CSTAT : 0 Median :27.00 4 :16 One :17 IV/V:32
#> EBIC : 0 Mean :30.61 5/6:23
#> HIT I : 0 3rd Qu.:39.00
#> HIT II : 0 Max. :70.00
#> (Other): 0
#> hypox hypots tsah edh
#> Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:1.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :1.0000 Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.2937 Mean :0.1905 Mean :0.7857 Mean :0.1111
#> 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000
#> Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
#>
#> mort
#> Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.2698
#> 3rd Qu.:1.0000
#> Max. :1.0000
#>
#> ------------------------------------------------------------
#> impact$name: SLIN
#> name type age motor_score pupil ct
#> SLIN :409 OBS: 0 Min. :15.00 1/2: 55 Both:316 I/II:154
#> APOE : 0 RCT:409 1st Qu.:21.00 3 : 91 None: 16 III : 94
#> CSTAT : 0 Median :28.00 4 :127 One : 77 IV/V:161
#> EBIC : 0 Mean :32.35 5/6:136
#> HIT I : 0 3rd Qu.:43.00
#> HIT II : 0 Max. :79.00
#> (Other): 0
#> hypox hypots tsah edh
#> Min. :0.00000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.00 Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.00000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:1.00 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.00000 Median :0.0000 Median :1.00 Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.05868 Mean :0.1369 Mean :0.78 Mean :0.1516
#> 3rd Qu.:0.00000 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.00 3rd Qu.:0.0000
#> Max. :1.00000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.00 Max. :1.0000
#>
#> mort
#> Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.2298
#> 3rd Qu.:0.0000
#> Max. :1.0000
#>
#> ------------------------------------------------------------
#> impact$name: TCDB
#> name type age motor_score pupil ct
#> TCDB :603 OBS:603 Min. :16.00 1/2:243 Both:299 I/II:219
#> APOE : 0 RCT: 0 1st Qu.:21.00 3 :105 None:249 III :119
#> CSTAT : 0 Median :26.00 4 :121 One : 55 IV/V:265
#> EBIC : 0 Mean :32.97 5/6:134
#> HIT I : 0 3rd Qu.:40.00
#> HIT II : 0 Max. :93.00
#> (Other): 0
#> hypox hypots tsah edh
#> Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.1808 Mean :0.2371 Mean :0.4428 Mean :0.1045
#> 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000
#> Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
#>
#> mort
#> Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.4378
#> 3rd Qu.:1.0000
#> Max. :1.0000
#>
#> ------------------------------------------------------------
#> impact$name: TINT
#> name type age motor_score pupil ct
#> TINT :1118 OBS: 0 Min. :14.00 1/2:141 Both:807 I/II:474
#> APOE : 0 RCT:1118 1st Qu.:21.00 3 :237 None:138 III :221
#> CSTAT : 0 Median :30.00 4 :327 One :173 IV/V:423
#> EBIC : 0 Mean :33.61 5/6:413
#> HIT I : 0 3rd Qu.:45.00
#> HIT II : 0 Max. :79.00
#> (Other): 0
#> hypox hypots tsah edh
#> Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :1.0000 Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.1592 Mean :0.1404 Mean :0.5259 Mean :0.1655
#> 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000
#> Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
#>
#> mort
#> Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.2487
#> 3rd Qu.:0.0000
#> Max. :1.0000
#>
#> ------------------------------------------------------------
#> impact$name: TIUS
#> name type age motor_score pupil ct
#> TIUS :1041 OBS: 0 Min. :14.00 1/2:152 Both:708 I/II:463
#> APOE : 0 RCT:1041 1st Qu.:23.00 3 :132 None:211 III :198
#> CSTAT : 0 Median :30.00 4 :300 One :122 IV/V:380
#> EBIC : 0 Mean :32.78 5/6:457
#> HIT I : 0 3rd Qu.:41.00
#> HIT II : 0 Max. :77.00
#> (Other): 0
#> hypox hypots tsah edh
#> Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.00 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.00000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.00 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.00000
#> Median :0.0000 Median :0.00 Median :0.0000 Median :0.00000
#> Mean :0.2795 Mean :0.22 Mean :0.4284 Mean :0.08646
#> 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.00 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.00000
#> Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.00 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.00000
#>
#> mort
#> Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.2161
#> 3rd Qu.:0.0000
#> Max. :1.0000
#>
#> ------------------------------------------------------------
#> impact$name: UK4
#> name type age motor_score pupil ct
#> UK4 :791 OBS:791 Min. :14.00 1/2:198 Both:433 I/II:271
#> APOE : 0 RCT: 0 1st Qu.:22.00 3 :231 None:243 III :155
#> CSTAT : 0 Median :36.00 4 :141 One :115 IV/V:365
#> EBIC : 0 Mean :39.64 5/6:221
#> HIT I : 0 3rd Qu.:55.00
#> HIT II : 0 Max. :87.00
#> (Other): 0
#> hypox hypots tsah edh
#> Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median :1.0000 Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.2566 Mean :0.2642 Mean :0.5183 Mean :0.1429
#> 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000
#> Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
#>
#> mort
#> Min. :0.0000
#> 1st Qu.:0.0000
#> Median :0.0000
#> Mean :0.4539
#> 3rd Qu.:1.0000
#> Max. :1.0000
#>
# Plot the distribution of age by study
library(ggplot2)
e <- ggplot(impact, aes(x = name, y = age))
e + geom_violin(aes(fill = type), trim = FALSE) +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45)) +
xlab("Study")
